Common Preschooler Injuries and Accidents

Common Preschooler Injuries and Accidents

One of the worst fears any parent faces is an injury to their child. Unfortunately, despite

your best attempts at childproofing your home and other safety efforts, there are a variety

of common preschooler injuries and accidents you need to be aware of.

As far as accidental injuries go, burns occur regularly. A hot water heater can be the

culprit since preschoolers are very curious about the world around them and can’t always

tell what’s dangerous. Of course, there are other mishaps that involve lamps, matches,

steam from a pan and even bathwater if you’ve set the thermostat higher than 120 degrees

Fahrenheit.

Treating Burns

Treating burns means you’ll need to act quickly. Hold the affected area under cool

running water or hold a cold wet towel over the spot until the pain subsides. Smaller

blisters should be covered with a loose bandage or gauze. You’ll need to call the family

doctor if the burns are larger than 1⁄4 inch and occur on the genitals, face or hands. Don’t

take any chances and call 911 if the burns look deep with skin that appears brown or

white and covers more than one-tenth of your child’s body. After you’ve got the proper

care and these injuries have started to heal, it’s important to remember not to lance any

blisters yourself and to use an antibiotic cream on any areas where the skin does break

open.

For children six months to two years, the most common burn injury is scalding from hot

foods or liquids.

Bruising

Preschoolers are some of the most active children. Because they’re always jumping and

running as they explore their worlds for the first time, there’s bound to be the occasional

bruise that shows up. Bruising starts when smaller blood vessels near the surface of the

skin rupture. The common black-and-blue marking is generally caused by blood seeping

into the skin.

Generally, these small injuries heal on their own within one to two weeks, but an ice pack

applied in fifteen minute intervals during the first few days can keep the swelling down.

You can give your preschooler the right dose of ibuprofen or acetaminophen if the bruise

is especially painful.

Scrapes and Cuts

As you can imagine, there are many ways your little one can get scrapes or cuts. If there’s

bleeding involved, you’ll need to apply pressure with a clean cloth anywhere from three

to five minutes until it stops. Running the affected area under lukewarm water and then

patting it dry will cleanse a superficial wound and if the injury is dirty or caused by an

animal scratch, you can lather it with soap.

When the skin is broken, over-the-counter antibiotic ointment coupled with a bandage

or gauze usually works, but if the bleeding won’t stop after several minutes with direct

pressure, you’ll need to call your pediatrician or emergency services right away. Any

large piece of missing skin should be wrapped in a clean cloth and placed in a bag with

ice in the hopes it can be reattached.

Keeping the tone of your voice relaxed and distracting your child with toys or books will

help the first aid process go smoothly.

How did you treat childs injury? Share it with us.

Read more info like this at All My Children.

Author: Rob Starr

Helping you and your child adjust to daycare

Helping you and your child adjust to daycare

Because getting your children ready to start on their first solo journey in life is a

milestone event for both parents and toddlers, you’ll need to lay a foundation that will

help them make the transition to daycare as happy and smooth as possible. It’s a big

change in your life as well, so here’s a few useful tips to help Mom and Dad adjust to the

new routine.

For the Kids

It’s important to get them used to the new adventure they’ll be embarking on gradually.

Talking to them about what to expect in advance and reading to them from children’s

books that touch on the issues helps. Begin a few months before they start daycare by

telling them about where people go during the day and why they need to leave their

homes for only a short period of time. Tell them about how they will be going to daycare

in the near future and let them know about the types of things they will be seeing and

doing.

Visiting the child care center they will attend in increments is another good idea that

will help your little one build up some ideas about what they can expect. A few weeks or

months beforehand is usually a good timeframe and you’ll want to start with half hour

visits with one parent staying with them. When you feel the time is right, a half hour solo

visit can come next. These can increase over time before the full day visits commence.

You can also let your toddlers bring an object from home to help make the transition

easier. When the time comes for you to leave, they’ll feel better with a favorite plush toy

or picture that reminds them of home and they can keep that reminder with them all day

as a source of comfort and security.

For the Parents

It’s a big adjustment for you too and whether Dad or Mom is leaving their child behind

for the first time, there are a few little tricks to help you get over your separation anxiety

as quickly as possible.

First off, you need to walk away on that first big day and not look back No sneaking back

to see how they’re doing and no big fanfare just before they begin their new adventure. If

you really need to, a quick call to the daycare works, but only after you’re back at the car.

Remember, your toddler might not make as big as fuss as you’d like when you pick them

up and that’s to be expected. At that age, children have issues making a smooth transition

between places and activities so you might even be on the receiving end of a tantrum

when you pick her up.

If they aren’t chatterboxes as soon as they get in the car, getting them to open up at home

is best done by asking about what a playmate did at various points in the day. While you

should ask for specifics about the best and worst things that happened in the day, you

need to respect the fact you toddler is starting on the path to forging their own identity

without you for the first time and might need a little privacy.

How did you and your children adjust to daycare? Share it with us.

Read more info like this at All My Children.

Author: Rob Starr

Teaching Kids Organizational Skills

Teaching kids to be organized, whether it’s at home or at day care or school is an important lesson they’ll benefit from throughout their lives. Organization helps with work, relationships, and even play. Here are some ways you can show your kids how to be organized while making it a fun lesson.

Keeping Toys in Order

If you’ve ever walked into your kid’s room and every toy was out of its box and dolls and figurines were strewn all over the floor, you know how much organization would help tremendously. We all want our kids to have fun, but there comes a time when they need to clean up and put their toys away. One way to make the clean-up fun is to make it part of play. You can get a few bins and decorate them according to the type of toy that goes inside. Dolls can go into a bin decorated like a little house. Toy cars can get stowed away in a bin decorated with wheels and bumper stickers taped on. You can have fun decorating and the kids will look forward to putting their toys in their rightful resting places. The lesson? They won’t misplace small parts or accidentally trip over something left on the floor. As the kids get older, they’ll have more valuable items to care for and their organizational skills will keep them in check.

Maintaining a Neat Closet and Drawers

It seems like kids never want to put their clothing in the hamper or back in their closet or drawers. Sure, it’s easier to drop clothing wherever you take them off, but kids can easily realize that it takes the same amount of time to put it away where it belongs. Just like they have their own cubby at their child care center, Pre-K, or school, they have their own spots at home where they need to keep their belongings too. Teach them that when their clothing is neat and organized, they will be able to find exactly what they want to wear before school and clothing won’t be wrinkled or misplaced. Keeping clothes organized is a positive habit children will need more and more as they get older and have a larger wardrobe.

Managing School Work and Extracurricular Activities

Start at a young age and keep a work and activities calendar with your kids. They can help you fill in all the details such as when homework is due, when they have tests, when they have sports practice, dance school, playdates, etc. When kids can see all their activities and due dates laid out, they will feel more organized, in control, and less stressed. As kids get older, they can start to keep track of their own activities and school work. This type of organization will help kids excel in school and eventually, as an adult in the workplace. They’ll thank you for teaching them these proper organizational skills from the start.

How do you get your kids to stay organized? Please read more information like this by visiting All My Children.

By: Melissa A. Kay

Teaching Kids About Good Hygiene

Good hygiene is integral to looking and feeling good as well as an important part of taking care of our health and well-being. Sometimes, kids don’t want to take the necessary steps to keeping clean and consider it a chore, but there are ways to teach your kids that having good hygiene isn’t a nuisance at all. Especially for kids in day care or school settings, keeping germ- and dirt-free is essential. Read on for some tips for your little one’s hygiene.

Teeth

Clean teeth make for a shining smile when you drop your kid off at day care, but also helps prevent tartar, cavities and gum disease. Lots of kids try to avoid brushing, but you must be diligent. Don’t be afraid to warn them of the pain and illness they can get if they don’t brush every day, at least twice per day. That doesn’t mean it can’t be fun! Buy a kid-friendly toothbrush with their favorite cartoon character on it or in their favorite color. Some newer brushes even light up and play songs to let your kid know how long to brush. There are also tasty kid-approved toothpaste flavors like bubblegum, vanilla, and fruity varieties. Show your kids that you need to brush too, and do it together if that gets the motivation going. An A+ report from the dentist will prove the brushing has paid off!

Clean Clothing

We all want our kids to look dapper and put together when we drop them off at school or their child care center. But kids will be kids and often get dirty, messy, and wrinkled. Teach your kids that it is A-OK to play and have fun, but keeping neat and clean is necessary as well. If your child is a sloppy eater, consider packing a bib or tucking a napkin into the neck of his shirt before eating snacks or lunch at school. After playing outdoors, make sure your child shows you where his clothing got soiled so you can remove the stains before they set in. By keeping kids aware of dirt and germs, they will grow up learning to care for their clothing and other belongings so they don’t get ruined. They will also understand that dirt can breed bacteria and can cause illness. Plus, a tidy look makes any person feel self-confident.

Washing Hands

Kids touch all sorts of things throughout the day, whether it’s from the playground, the other kids in their class, or from everyday surfaces. Keeping kids’ hands clean helps prevent the spread of germs, dirt, and other bacteria that can get them sick. Teach your kids to always wash their hands before eating. We don’t want them to ingest something that can cause illness. After using the bathroom, teach your child to wash carefully and completely. Give them a number to count to or a brief song to sing and to wash their hands for the entire duration. It’s OK to play and touch things, but once they are done, hand washing is key to keeping germ-free and feeling fresh.

How have you taught your kids about maintaining good hygiene? For more info like this, please visit All My Children.

By: Melissa A. Kay

How to Sneak Veggies Into Your Kids’ Meals

We all know how important vegetables are for us and our kids. All their vitamins, nutrients, and other health benefits are a vital part of a healthy and balanced diet. That said, some kids, despite what we teach them, refuse to eat their veggies. But we can’t give up. If there’s no way your kid will even consider a Brussel’s sprout or celery stalk, there’s only one way to go… Sneak those veggies into food your kids will love! It takes a little planning, but there are lots of recipes where the goodness of veggies will go unnoticed to kids, but you’ll feel satisfied knowing you’ve managed to get ‘em into their little bellies. Read on for a few ideas to sneak vegetables into some tasty recipes.

Muffins

Kids love muffins. They are a great choice for a quick breakfast or a sweet snack. Little will the kiddos know that you’ve added vegetables to their sweet pastries! It’s simple. If your child loves banana nut muffins, you can add finely grated carrots and zucchini right into the batter and follow the normal recipe as is. When the veggies bake into the mix, their taste and even their colors go undetected amongst the nutty and spiced goodness of the muffin! This works well in any chocolate cake based muffins too. You can even grate cooked (not raw) beets into the batter! The veggies actually add extra moistness along with their vitamins and minerals. What a fun way to sneak veggies into something sweet! You can pack a muffin or two for your child to bring to school.

Pasta Sauce

Yes, most pasta sauces are tomato based, but once some kids see any lump or bump within the sauce that even resembles a vegetable, they’d rather slather melted butter on their noodles instead. The trick to getting them to eat a veggie-based tomato sauce is to blend the veggies right into the sauce. It’s really simple to do and your kids will find that the sauce tastes the same as before (or even better). Simply dice cooked zucchini, squash, mushrooms, carrots or any one or combo of these, and place in a blender, blending until completely smooth. Add the mixture to your usual pasta sauce, warm, and serve. The added boost of veggies will pump up the nutritional value of the sauce and your kids will get the added vitamins they need.

Fruit Smoothies

You can slip veggies into sweet fruit smoothies without a trace of the taste of the veggies. Make your child a low-fat yogurt, strawberry and banana smoothie with a few teaspoons of chocolate sauce if you’d like. Add chopped spinach or another leafy green into the blender and whip it all together until frothy and smooth. The added vitamins and iron will give that already healthy smoothie even more body benefits. You can also try adding 100% vegetable juice to a smoothie, such as carrot juice which has a sweet flavor to any smoothie. It tastes especially good with apple-based drinks. Enjoy!

How do you get your kids to eat or drink their vegetables? For more info like this, please visit All My Children.

By: Melissa A. Kay

How to Say “No” to Your Child

It can be difficult to say “no” to kids. We want them to be happy and have a controversy-free relationship, but every once in a while (or sometimes more often) we need to use that dreaded two-letter word. The kids may not like it, but it’s important to teach them that they won’t always get everything they want. If you follow these tips, saying “No” won’t be as hard as it may have been in the past and your kids will eventually learn to respect your authority.

You Are in Charge

No matter their age, your child must understand that you, the parent, is in charge. And sometimes, that means you must say “No” to something he may want to do, see, eat, play with, etc. So, if you are always saying “Yes” to everything your child wants, even though your better judgment is screaming, “No”, your child will start to get the impression that perhaps they are in charge. Yes, it is good for your child to express his desires and interests, but you must set his expectations that until you give it the thumbs up, it’s a no-go. Once he’s in this routine and gets it that sometimes he won’t be able to do what he wants, there won’t be such a battle every time you utter the dreaded, “No”.

Give a Simple Explanation

Kids, especially as they get older, sometimes don’t think “No” is a good enough answer. If you’ve ever heard, “But why?” over and over again, you know what I mean. You are the parent, and what you say should go, but a simple explanation will help your child understand your decision-making process and help him make better choices the next time too. There is no need to go into detail, but give your child a legitimate reason as to why he didn’t get that “Yes” he was seeking. Maybe he wants to play at a friend’s house. If you say, “No”, he won’t understand why – he’s been allowed to go there in the past after all. But if you pair your “No” with: “You cannot go today because we need to eat dinner early so we can attend your sister’s recital,” he will appreciate your choice.

It’s For Their Own Good

Let your child know that you are saying, “No” for his own good, not because you want to take his fun away. For instance, if you are saying “No” to eating another slice of cake, it’s because you don’t want him to get a belly ache. If you say “No” to watching a horror film, it’s because you know he doesn’t like gory blood scenes, and the movie contains many. If you say, “No” to another new pair of sneakers, it’s because his feet are growing and he won’t be able to enjoy them for long. When kids realize we have their best interests at heart, they will look up to our wisdom.

They Will Learn to Say “No” to Others

When kids understand that saying “No” is an OK response, it empowers them. They can make their way out of uncomfortable situations. They can protect themselves, their friends and siblings from bullying or peer pressure. They won’t take on more than they can handle. So, just say “Yes” to saying “No”!

Any tips to say “No” to your kids? We’d love to hear them. For more articles like this one, please visit All My Children blogs.

By: Melissa A. Kay

Teaching Kids Honesty

We always teach our kids that “honesty is the best policy”. But saying it and having them understand what that means are two different things. We can teach kids honesty by our own example and by using some tactics to talk out situations where your child’s honesty will be taught and tested. Read on for a few basic ways we can instill honest values in our children.

Telling the Truth

Kids may not want to always tell the truth or the full story in a tricky situation. Perhaps they fear they will be punished or put in “time-out” if they are honest. Or, maybe their big brother or sister threatened them to cover for a lie. Sometimes, kids make up stories or scenarios based on their growing imagination. Whatever the case may be, we must teach and constantly remind our kids that being honest and telling what really happened is the right choice. Usually, the truth will come out eventually and cause even more issues. Yes, your child may have to suffer the consequences of his actions, but that will also teach him to do the right thing the next time. It is worse to do something wrong and then lie about it than to do something wrong and confess what happened. Remind your kids that they can always tell you the truth and they should not fear your reaction.

Taking Something That Is Not Theirs

Stealing is another way of being dishonest. Whether your child took something from a store, a friend’s house, or school, or hid his sister’s toy, taking something that isn’t his is not honest. Teach your child that in order for something to be his belonging, it must be paid for or given to him. If he wants what his friend has, he must ask to share. Sometimes, young kids make mistakes or are still learning the ropes. If your child swipes something from a store, bring him back and have him apologize to the clerk. He will learn why stealing is wrong and how it affects others. Kids will learn to understand the value of personal belongings when they realize that everyone cannot have anything they want at any time. This is what makes things valuable to us.

Saying How You Feel

While we encourage our kids to tell the truth, sometimes saying everything on our mind is not the best way to go. This can lead to kids being inadvertently hurtful to others. If your child doesn’t like his sister’s dress, he should not tell her it is ugly. Teach your children to find something positive to say about others or not say anything at all. Of course, kids should be honest about how they feel about others and situations they are in, but encourage them to talk to you or a close family member before they blurt out something they can’t take back. In time, your kids will learn how to deal with others directly in an effective and positive manner.

What do you do to teach your children the value of honesty? For more articles like this, please visit All My Children Daycare.

By: Melissa A. Kay

Tips for Communicating With Your Toddler

Tips for Communicating With Your Toddler

Before they’ve reached a certain age, having a conversation with your toddler can be a very one-
sided experience, but as soon as the little ones hit two or three, the avalanche of words begin. In

fact, children know about 20 to 200 words by the age of two and those numbers balloon to 1,000

only a year later. The expectations for your toddler keep growing with the anticipation your child

will have a strong vocabulary by the time they reach preschool.

Like almost everything else in your toddler’s life, your input is important to developing the skills

they’ll need to communicate effectively and the run-up to that all important third year can start

earlier than you might have imagined.

Gestures

Responding to your baby’s gestures and sounds is a great way to initiate the process. For

example, when your baby holds her arms out to be picked up, use some simple words to affirm

the gesture. Saying: “You want up, don’t you?” helps the baby to associate gestures they make

with words they can’t yet understand and interests the child in the relationship.

Of course, when they move into the toddler stage, reading to them is a great way to

build their curiosity in developing their own language skills, but there are some other interesting

methods that work wonders too. Here’s a few of the more effective ways to turn your toddler into

a nonstop chatterbox.

Peanut Butter and Tissues

Helping them understand how words form makes developing language more interesting. For

example, you can place a little dab of peanut butter behind her front teeth and tell her to touch the

spot with her tongue, carefully explaining afterward that’s the same spot her tongue will touch

when she pronounces words with the letters T and D. Other games you can play with your toddler

include demonstrating the way in which consonants work by placing a tissue in front of his face

and then asking him to make the P sound so the tissue flutters.

Giving your child a narration of your day is another great way to get them interested in the

relationship between language skills and the world around them. Describing how you’re washing

the dishes gets them to feel more connected to the activities of the older members of the family

and talking to them as you play keeps them interested in learning language skills on a constant

basis. Be simple and specific telling them how their arms and legs get wet when bath time comes

around and, if possible, have each member of the family share an important event from their day.

Finally, although it’s usually considered irritating when you do it in conversation with another

adult, repeating yourself when talking with your toddler is a good thing. New words have a better

chance of sticking in your child’s vocabulary when they get repeated in the same sequence. For

example saying: “See how big the tree is? That dog across the road is big too,” draws attention to

the one word you want to focus on.

For more interesting articles like this, visit All My Children Daycare.

Author: Rob Starr

Simple Solutions To Troublesome Toddler Behaviors

Simple Solutions To Troublesome Toddler Behaviors

Although the statement might sound unusual, there is a place for aggressive behavior in our

society. New parents might even be shocked to find out we should consider it reasonable when

it comes from our toddlers. Remember, these fledgling adults are learning skills that will make

them part of society and the frustration associated with developing language skills alone can be

one of the reasons they are often guilty of aggressive or unacceptable acts.

Add a fierce need to be independent and impulse control skills that are far from mature and even

what would normally be considered completely unacceptable behaviors like biting and hitting can

be viewed in a new light by parents who understand these are just normal reactions to growing

pains. Of course, that doesn’t mean these kinds of behaviors should be overlooked by parents

who want to raise responsible people. It’s important children at any age understand prolonged

aggressive behavior is unacceptable and you can help them to express their feelings in positive

and decent ways with the following ideas.

• Try instilling the notion of consequences for the actions. Younger children don’t usually

learn the art of reason or empathy until they are at least four or five, so the best you

can hope for is having your toddler grasp the consequences for their bad behavior. That

means taking them out of a game where they’ve been acting out and letting them know

they can join the other children again when they don’t behave badly without explaining

too much about how they’ve made the other children feel.

• Consistency works wonders. Setting up a simple pattern the toddler understands is

much more effective than trying to explain situations to them. For example, telling them

to, ‘Wait for your turn on the swing,’ in a calm, reasonable tone is much better than

scolding them. If you do this often enough over a period of time, your child will make the

connection.

• Don’t react. Toddlers are notorious for saying things that can provoke an adult style

argument if you don’t show restraint. So, when your two or three year old yells at you,

it’s best to respond with a positive affirmation that teaches the child he or she won’t get

a reaction. Telling them you still love them no matter how many times they say they

hate you is the best way to keep your blood pressure down while teaching them about

restraint.

Finally, remember toddlers often act out to get attention. That means when they’re holding their

breath or throwing a tantrum, these little folks are also paying attention to see what kind of

reaction they’re getting from you. Sometimes the best solution is to ignore the bad behavior and

reinforce the good. You’ll need to be consistent with this approach since you’re always being

watched carefully and if they think they can budge you, your toddler will act out again and again

until they’re sure there’s no way you’ll react. Praising them when they act appropriately offers a

new set of alternatives they can explore.

For more interesting articles like this, visit All My Children Daycare.

Author: Rob Starr

5 Things to Do With Apples

They say, “An apple a day keeps the doctor away”, so why not make eating apples fun? Apples are nutritious and delicious in their natural state, but there a bunch of easy ways to take your apple eating up a notch. These ideas are great to create with the kids and soon they’ll be asking for apple treats all the time. Hey, it’s true… the apple doesn’t fall far from the tree!

PB & A

Kids love the tried and true lunchtime staple of a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, but when you swap out the jelly for thinly sliced apples, the sandwich becomes more sophisticated and packs a ton of tasty texture. If your child has a peanut allergy, use another type of nut butter or even cream or ricotta cheese. To create the sandwich, start with 2 slices of bread of your choice. I like to use wholesome whole wheat or raisin bread for extra yumminess. Spread a thin layer of your nut butter or cheese on one slice and layer thin slices of apples right on top. For extra zest, sprinkle a light coating of cinnamon on top of the apples and top with the other slice of bread. It’s so easy to make and tastes amazing. Toasted bread makes the sandwich warm and crusty if you have time for toasting. This treat makes for a healthy breakfast too.

Apple Fruit Salad

We’ve all had a fruit salad of some sort, though many don’t make apples the star of the dish. With the crunch of apples and the varieties available from the sticky sweet to the tangy tart, an apple-based fruit salad is a healthful and tasty snack option for kids. When shopping for apples, teach your kids about the varieties available, from their colors to their tastes to their textures. Together, you can select 3 or 4 of your favorites to use in the salad. Dice the apples into ¾ inch sized cubes and toss them in a bowl with a few squeezes of lemon juice to prevent the apples from browning. Add ½ cup of raisins which go well with apples. You can use grapes too. Add a few other fruits if you have some available at home, or make it an all-apple salad. Toss the fruit mixture with ¼ cup of apple juice and a dash of brown sugar and serve it up. The kids won’t be asking for cookies when they can satisfy their sweet tooth with this awesome apple salad.

Apple Oats

A warm bowl of oatmeal is a nutritious and satisfying breakfast choice. By adding some fruit such as apples, you’ll boost the flavor factor and health benefits even more. Remind your kids that the filling fiber in apples along with the wholesome oats will keep their bellies full until lunchtime. Plus, the apples will add a juicy burst in every bite. Simply prepare the oats as you normally would, but before heating, add ¼ cup of diced apples. A dash of cinnamon will pair well with the oats, as would nutmeg or allspice. The kids will look forward to a new twist on their oatmeal. You can add apples to cold cereal too. They taste great with honey-flavored cereals or granola.

Microwave Apple Crumble

There’s no need to spend hours baking in order to create a delicious dessert. You can make individual servings of a take on the apple crumble right in your microwave! This is an easy treat to make with the kids and will teach them how to be creative with ingredients you already have in the pantry. Simply take a microwave-safe mug and layer ¼ inch slices of apples with a dash of brown sugar, cinnamon, granola, honey or maple syrup and some walnuts. Repeat the layering until you fill the mug about ¾ of the way to the top. Heat until warmed throughout and serve. For an added treat, plop a scoop of low-fat vanilla frozen yogurt, ice cream or a dollop of whipped cream on top right before serving. Yum!

Apple Dippers

You can get all the yummy goodness of a candy or caramel apple without all the work or mess. Make dipped apple slices that are just as tasty and such fun to make with the kids. Cut your favorite type of apples into ¾ inch slices and squeeze lemon juice over them to prevent browning. Don’t worry, you won’t taste the lemon. Set out separate bowls of melted chocolate, caramel sauce and yogurt along with separate bowls of chopped nuts, sprinkles, shredded coconut, mini chocolate chips and granola. Let the kids make their own concoctions by first coating ½ of the apple slice into the dip of choice, then rolling into the topping. Mix and match flavors and find out which ones the kids enjoy the most. Let your kids help prepare all the ingredients and write down their favorite combinations. This is a great after-school snack idea for playdates.

Do you have a unique apple recipe? We’d love to taste it! For more articles like this, please visit All My Children.

By: Melissa A. Kay